Conifers are commonly planted in North America to provide year-round screening, as windbreaks or as focal trees in the landscape. However, conifers including certain species of spruce, pine, hemlock, cedar and fir planted in northern areas of North...

Urban forests are recognized for the multiple benefits they provide to city‐dwellers.
However, climate change will affect tree species survival and persistence in urban
ecosystems. Tree failures will cause economic losses and jeopardize...