Trees grow with, and adjust to, large lateral and vertical loads caused by wind and gravity. Storms with strong winds and ice can push trees beyond their ability to reconfigure or fall back to reduce drag. Exceeding tree structural ice and wind load...

With increased intensification in cities throughout the world, urban trees are often at risk of becoming damaged by construction impacts, such as utility trenching or pavement / sidewalk repair. If the damage is severe and a tree loses a lot of its...

Tree defects such as co-dominant leaders, girding roots and buried trunk flares, present at time of planting, cause failures and decline long after the warrantee period has expired.  Landscape architects may go to nurseries to tag trees; but often...