Trees grow with, and adjust to, large lateral and vertical loads caused by wind and gravity. Storms with strong winds and ice can push trees beyond their ability to reconfigure or fall back to reduce drag. Exceeding tree structural ice and wind load...

With increased intensification in cities throughout the world, urban trees are often at risk of becoming damaged by construction impacts, such as utility trenching or pavement / sidewalk repair. If the damage is severe and a tree loses a lot of its...